Sensors from A to Z.

The 0-10V interface is an analogue method for controlling the brightness of LED drivers. A controller applies a DC voltage via a separate pair of control wires: the higher the voltage, the higher the light level. Unlike DALI, 0-10V transmits neither addresses nor status messages; all drivers on one channel respond together. The method is particularly common in North America, while in Europe the related but not identical 1-10V interface is often found. The Keilton+autani FA102 Bluetooth node is available with a single (FA102.C1) or dual 0-10V output (FA102.C2), turning 0-10V luminaires into networked luminaires with luminaire-level control.

AlgoH2 is the detection algorithm that enables Keilton+autani sensors to detect occupancy more reliably and reduce false triggering. This is particularly relevant at large mounting heights, for example in warehouses and high-rack storage, where movement at floor level produces only weak signals at the sensor and unwanted switching disrupts operations. According to the datasheets, the algorithm is used by the EFS104 high-bay sensor, the EFS106 and EFS106W high-bay sensors for mounting heights up to 22 m, and the IFS105SE and IFS108 indoor sensors, among others. The Sensor Finder shows which sensor suits a given height.

An astronomical time switch calculates the times of sunrise and sunset from the date and geographical position. Unlike a fixed switching time, it follows the seasonal change in day length – without manual readjustment. Typical applications include outdoor and car park lighting, façades and access roads, often combined with presence detection for demand-based dimming at night. In the Keilton+autani system, the CR02-W performs this task: the dongle contains an astronomical real-time clock module, keeps time via an internal battery even during power failures and synchronises all devices in its zone. With range extension, it achieves a communication range of up to 500 m according to the datasheet.

The background light or corridor function ensures that, once the hold time has elapsed, lighting is not switched off immediately but first dimmed to a reduced level, for example 10 to 30 per cent. Only after a further period does it switch off completely – or it remains at background level permanently. This keeps corridors, stairwells, underground car parks and warehouse aisles safe to navigate while largely preserving the energy savings. The principle is also known as two-stage dimming. According to the datasheet, the MWS105E microwave sensor supports setting a delay time and two-stage dimming via the Keilton+autani app.

BACnet (Building Automation and Control Networks) is a vendor-neutral data communication protocol for building automation, standardised as ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135 and internationally as ISO 16484-5. It describes devices using standardised objects and services, so that heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting and access control can be brought together in a building management system (BMS). The BACnet/IP variant over Ethernet networks is widely used. For lighting control, BACnet means that states, occupancy signals and energy values can be displayed and used in the BMS. According to the datasheet, the Keilton+autani AU-Manager offers optional BACnet/IP connectivity. Planning advice is provided in the guide BMS integration.

Bluetooth Mesh is a networking standard specified by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), published in 2017 and built on Bluetooth Low Energy. Devices do not only communicate with a central unit but relay messages to one another. As a result, the range grows with every additional luminaire or sensor, and the network remains operational if individual nodes fail. This is ideal for lighting control, because luminaires are densely distributed anyway and can be networked without additional control cables – a particular advantage in retrofits. Keilton+autani components such as the IFS108 or EFS106 use Bluetooth 5.0. Find out more in the guide Bluetooth Mesh lighting control.

Building automation (BA) covers all equipment for the automatic control, regulation, monitoring and optimisation of technical building systems. It is traditionally divided into the field level with sensors and actuators, the automation level with controllers and the management level with the building management system. Lighting is an important trade, because presence and daylight control deliver quick, easily measurable savings. In Europe, the efficiency of BA functions is rated in classes A to D according to EN ISO 52120-1, among other standards. In Germany, building automation for larger non-residential buildings has so far been required by the Building Energy Act (GEG); this obligation continues under the new Building Modernisation Act (GModG). Find out more in the guide German energy efficiency laws.

The German Building Energy Act (Gebäudeenergiegesetz, GEG) came into force on 1 November 2020, merging the EnEV, EnEG and EEWärmeG. It set energy requirements for new and existing buildings; for non-residential buildings, lighting was included in the energy balance via DIN V 18599. The amendment of 1 January 2024 added Section 71a: non-residential buildings with heating systems or combined heating and ventilation systems with a rated output above 290 kW had to be equipped with building automation by the end of 2024. Since 29 July 2026, the key new provisions of the Building Modernisation Act (GModG), which replaces the GEG, have applied; the building automation obligation continues. Details in the guide German energy efficiency laws.

The building management system (BMS) – in German Gebäudeleittechnik (GLT) – forms the top level of building automation. It brings together data from heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting and other trades on a single interface, visualises system states, reports faults and archives consumption and operating data. Communication with subordinate systems takes place via open protocols such as BACnet or Modbus. When a lighting control system is connected to the BMS, occupancy signals can also be used by other trades, for example for demand-controlled ventilation. The Keilton+autani AU-Manager offers optional BACnet/IP connectivity for this purpose. Planning and data points are explained in the guide BMS integration.

The German Building Modernisation Act (Gebäudemodernisierungsgesetz, GModG) replaces the previous Building Energy Act (GEG). The Bundestag passed it on 10 July 2026; the key new provisions have applied since 29 July 2026, with further parts, for example transposing the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), expected to follow in early 2027. The political focus is on abolishing the 65 per cent renewable energy requirement when replacing heating systems. Relevant for operators of non-residential buildings: the obligation to install building automation under Section 71a GEG continues under the GModG. Specific thresholds and deadlines should be checked against the legal text for each project. Context in the guide German energy efficiency laws.

Commissioning turns installed components into a working system. Devices are registered and assigned to rooms or zones, groups and scenes are created, parameters such as hold time, sensitivity, background light level and daylight setpoints are configured, and schedules are stored. Finally, all functions are tested and documented. With wireless systems this is usually done via an app: Keilton+autani devices such as the BCS107 are configured with the Keilton+autani app. According to its datasheet, Enlighted Eazy uses laser-based commissioning, in which sensors are registered via laser pointer or Bluetooth scan. Commissioning is followed by handover to the operator.

Constant light control is a closed control loop: a light sensor continuously measures the brightness in the room, and the controller adjusts the dimming level of the luminaires to maintain a set illuminance. When more daylight enters the room, artificial light is reduced; when it gets darker, the controller compensates. Only the energy genuinely needed to reach the required illuminance is used. Constant light control is the most precise form of daylight harvesting and requires dimmable LED drivers and a correctly calibrated sensor. Fundamentals and savings potential are covered in our guide to daylight harvesting.

DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) is an internationally standardised digital protocol for lighting control, defined in the IEC 62386 series of standards. Via a two-wire control line, up to 64 control gear units per DALI line can be addressed individually, combined into up to 16 groups and controlled with up to 16 scenes. Unlike analogue interfaces, control gear can report status information such as lamp failures. DALI is the most widely used standard in Europe for dimmable LED drivers in office and commercial buildings. According to the datasheet, Enlighted sensors can be connected to LED drivers with a DALI or 0-10V interface. The further development with certification and standardised control devices is called DALI-2.

DALI-2 is the current generation of the DALI standard, based on the revised IEC 62386 series. The key innovations compared with DALI: in addition to control gear, control devices and input devices such as presence detectors, light sensors and push-buttons are now standardised, so that components from different manufacturers work together better on one line. Products may only carry the DALI-2 logo after successful certification by the Digital Illumination Interface Alliance (DiiA), which further safeguards interoperability. For planners, DALI-2 means greater vendor independence in wired lighting controls. Whether a wired DALI-2 system or a wireless solution such as Bluetooth Mesh is the better fit depends mainly on whether the project is a new build or an existing building.

Daylight harvesting means that lighting is automatically dimmed or switched off when enough daylight enters the room. A light sensor measures the brightness and the controller reduces artificial light accordingly. Substantial energy savings are possible, particularly in zones near windows and in halls with rooflights. The most precise form is constant light control; simpler variants switch when a brightness threshold is reached. According to their datasheets, almost all Keilton+autani sensors offer daylight harvesting, including the BCS107, IFS108 and EFS106. Our guide to daylight harvesting and the Savings Calculator show how much you can save.

Desk sharing refers to an office organisation model in which workstations are not permanently assigned. Employees choose or book a free desk each day, often in combination with hybrid working. The aim is to align office space with actual attendance and reduce unused space. Sound planning requires reliable data on real usage: how many desks are occupied and when, and which zones remain unused? Presence sensors in the lighting control system already detect occupancy across the entire floor area and – depending on the system – can provide occupancy data for such analyses. The guide Energy monitoring and occupancy data describes how energy and occupancy data can be used together.

The detection area describes the zone in which a sensor reliably detects movement or presence. It depends on the sensor technology, lens or antenna, mounting height and direction of movement; PIR sensors usually detect movement across the sensor better than movement directly towards it. Manufacturer specifications often distinguish between areas for seated activities and for walking. For complete coverage, the areas of neighbouring sensors should overlap. Examples from the Keilton+autani portfolio: according to the datasheet, the MWS105E microwave sensor detects up to 15 m, and the EFS107E dual-tech sensor covers rooms up to 56 m². The sensor grid can be checked with the Grid Planner.

Dim-to-off is a function of dimmable LED drivers: the luminaire is dimmed via the control signal, such as 0-10V, all the way down to completely off, while the driver remains connected to the mains. An additional relay for switching off is then not required. This simplifies luminaire-level control, because the sensor and radio module sit directly in the luminaire and the driver can supply them with auxiliary voltage. According to the datasheet, the FA102 Bluetooth node is powered via a 12 VDC input from dimmable LED drivers with dim-to-off functionality. Note the driver's low standby power in the off state, which should be included in energy balances.

The DesignLights Consortium (DLC) is a US non-profit organisation that defines technical requirements for energy-efficient lighting and lists qualified products publicly. In addition to LED luminaires, the programme also covers networked lighting control systems (Networked Lighting Controls, NLC), whose requirements are described in versions such as NLC5. In North America, a DLC listing is often a prerequisite for utility incentive programmes. In Europe, it serves as an internationally recognised proof of quality for functionality and interoperability. The term Luminaire Level Lighting Control (LLLC) was largely shaped by the DLC. The datasheets of Keilton+autani components state a DLC identifier.

Dual-tech sensors combine two different detection technologies in one device, usually passive infrared (PIR) and ultrasonic. PIR responds reliably to heat movement within its field of view, while ultrasonic also detects small movements and areas behind obstacles such as partition walls. By combining both signals, detection can be improved and the risk of unwanted switch-offs or false triggering reduced. Typical applications are meeting rooms, classrooms, washrooms and offices with irregular layouts. The Keilton+autani EFS107E is a 12 V dual-tech ceiling sensor with PIR and ultrasonic that, according to the datasheet, covers rooms up to 56 m² and offers daylight harvesting.

The German Energy Efficiency Act (Energieeffizienzgesetz, EnEfG) has been in force since November 2023 and transposes requirements of the European Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) into German law. Under the current version, companies with an average annual total final energy consumption of more than 7.5 GWh must introduce an energy or environmental management system (ISO 50001 or EMAS). From 2.5 GWh, implementation plans for efficiency measures identified as economically viable must be drawn up and published (Section 9). In June 2026, the Federal Cabinet adopted an amendment intended to align the thresholds with the EED; until it enters into force, the existing version applies. Lighting control is often one of the most cost-effective measures in such plans.

Energy monitoring is the continuous measurement, storage and analysis of energy consumption data. In lighting control, it shows how much energy presence detection, daylight harvesting and schedules actually save, and provides evidence for energy management systems and funding applications. In the Keilton+autani system, the CR01-ETC dongle records a raw log of a zone's consumption data every 15 minutes, according to the datasheet. The AU-Manager retains system events for over a year and displays real-time and historical consumption graphically. The guide Energy monitoring and occupancy data shows how energy and occupancy data can be combined.

Enlighted is a provider of intelligent lighting control in which sensors are installed directly in the luminaires and connected to dimmable LED drivers with a DALI or 0-10V interface. Each sensor detects presence and daylight and controls its luminaire according to assigned profiles. Enlighted Eazy is an app-based variant without gateway or hub, with laser-based commissioning and handover to the operator via QR code. Building Robotics Europe supports existing installations through Enlighted Support. The guide Enlighted discontinuation: next steps explains how operators should proceed when components are discontinued.

EnOcean is a wireless technology for building automation characterised by energy harvesting: switches and sensors obtain their operating energy from a button press, ambient light or temperature differences and therefore need neither batteries nor wiring. The radio protocol is internationally standardised as ISO/IEC 14543-3-10 and operates in the 868 MHz band in Europe. Typical applications are wireless push-buttons, window contacts and room sensors, which are particularly easy to retrofit in existing buildings without work on walls. According to the datasheet, the Keilton+autani AU-Manager supports EnOcean alongside Bluetooth, Zigbee (autaniNet) and BACnet/IP, bringing devices using different wireless standards together in one energy management system.

An over-the-air (OTA) firmware update installs new device software wirelessly on sensors, luminaire controllers or gateways. In networked lighting controls with hundreds of components, manually updating each device would be practically impossible; OTA makes bug fixes, security updates and new features available throughout the entire service life of the installation. Important aspects are a controlled process with software integrity checks, operation that is as uninterrupted as possible during the update, and documentation of the versions in use. For operators, update capability and the update support period are therefore key selection criteria, particularly given the long service cycles of lighting installations in existing buildings.

A gateway connects two networks or protocols, for example a wireless lighting network with an IP network, a cloud platform or the building management system. It translates commands and data so that schedules, energy values and status messages are available centrally. In the Keilton+autani system, the CR05 Bluetooth interface integrates a Bluetooth zone with up to 100 nodes into the Autani Building Controls platform; the central instance is the AU-Manager, connected via Ethernet or a 4G router. Not every lighting control system needs a gateway: according to the datasheet, Enlighted Eazy works without a gateway or hub.

Handover refers to the transfer of a fully installed and commissioned system to the operator. It includes transferring access and administration rights, documenting zones, profiles and schedules, and training the operating staff. A clean handover prevents a situation in which the system can only be changed via the installer once the project has ended. With Enlighted Eazy, according to the datasheet, handover takes place directly from app to app via an individual QR code, transferring full control over the configuration to the customer. For questions about existing Enlighted installations, Enlighted Support can help.

High-bay refers to applications with high mounting heights, typically in logistics halls, high-rack warehouses, production and sports halls. Sensors here must detect movement from a great distance, cover narrow rack aisles precisely and resist false triggering. Interchangeable lenses are often used to adapt the detection pattern to height and aisle width. In the Keilton+autani portfolio, the EFS104 is designed for heights above 6 m according to its datasheet; the low-voltage sensors EFS106 and EFS106W cover 5 to 22 m, the EFS106W additionally rated IP66 for damp environments. All use the AlgoH2 algorithm. Learn more in our guide to high-bay sensors.

The hold time (also time delay or switch-off delay) determines how long the lighting stays on after the last detected movement. Each new detection restarts the timer. Too short a hold time causes lights to switch off on people sitting still and leads to frequent switching; too long wastes savings potential. Typical values depend on room use and sensor technology and range from a few minutes up to a quarter of an hour. Combined with a background light level, a shorter hold time can be chosen because the room is initially only dimmed. According to its datasheet, the delay time of the MWS105E can be set via the Keilton+autani app.

Illuminance (symbol E) indicates how much luminous flux falls on a surface. Its unit is the lux: 1 lx equals 1 lumen per square metre. In lighting design it is the most important target value, because standards such as EN 12464-1 specify maintained illuminance values for workplaces, for example 500 lx for typical office tasks such as writing, reading and screen work. Light sensors in presence detectors measure the brightness in the room and enable daylight harvesting and constant light control: the luminaires deliver only as much artificial light as is needed to reach the set point. The Room Simulator shows how illuminance and luminaire layout affect the design.

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the networking of physical devices that capture data via sensors and exchange it over networks. In buildings, connected luminaires and presence sensors form a particularly dense IoT infrastructure: they are present in almost every room, already powered and continuously deliver information on occupancy, light levels and energy consumption. This enables applications such as occupancy analytics, energy monitoring and predictive maintenance. Network segmentation, encrypted communication and regular firmware updates are essential for secure operation. Wireless standards such as Bluetooth Mesh, Zigbee and EnOcean form the basis of many IoT solutions in building services.

The IP rating (Ingress Protection) under IEC 60529 / DIN EN 60529 indicates how well an enclosure is protected against the ingress of solid objects and water. The first digit (0 to 6) stands for protection against solid objects and contact, the second for protection against water. IP20 suits dry indoor spaces, IP65 means dust-tight and protected against water jets, IP66 dust-tight and protected against powerful water jets. Datasheet examples: BCS107 IP20, EFS104 IP40, EFS106W IP66 for damp and outdoor areas; the dongles CR01 and CR05 achieve IP65 with an optional protective box.

LLLC (Luminaire Level Lighting Control) means lighting control at the level of the individual luminaire. Each luminaire has an integrated occupancy and light sensor plus a radio module, responds autonomously to occupancy and daylight and is networked with the other luminaires at the same time. The term was largely coined by the DesignLights Consortium. Benefits include fine-grained zoning, easy reconfiguration when layouts change and a dense sensor network for occupancy data. Keilton+autani components for LLLC are the Bluetooth node FA102 and the sensors IFS105SE, IFS108 and EFS106. Learn more in our LLLC guide.

Lux (symbol lx) is the SI unit of illuminance. One lux equals one lumen falling evenly on one square metre. For context: DIN EN 12464-1 requires a maintained illuminance of 500 lx on the task area for typical office work such as writing, reading and data processing. Outdoor daylight reaches many times that, depending on the weather. In lighting control, lux values serve as setpoints for daylight harvesting and constant light control: the light sensor measures brightness and the controller makes up the difference with artificial light. Note that the sensor usually measures light reflected at ceiling level, so on-site calibration is required.

A mesh network is a meshed network structure: instead of connecting all devices to a central point in a star layout, the nodes communicate directly with each other and relay messages until they reach their destination. This creates redundant paths; if a node fails, the message finds another route. Range grows with every additional component without requiring extra infrastructure. In building services, Bluetooth Mesh and Zigbee, among others, use this principle. Mesh is especially well suited to lighting control because luminaires are already distributed in a dense grid. Our guide to Bluetooth Mesh lighting control explains the fundamentals.

A microwave or HF sensor emits high-frequency electromagnetic waves and evaluates their reflection. When a person moves, the frequency of the reflected signal changes (Doppler effect) and the sensor reports motion. Unlike a PIR sensor, it needs no line of sight and can detect through thin, non-metallic materials such as luminaire diffusers, allowing concealed installation inside luminaires. Because it can also pick up movement outside the intended area, an appropriate sensitivity setting is important. According to its datasheet, the Eco sensor MWS105E offers a detection range of up to 15 m, a mounting height of up to 6.5 m and sensitivity adjustable from 0–100 %.

Modbus is an open communication protocol developed by Modicon in 1979 for programmable logic controllers and now widely used in industrial and building automation. It follows the client-server principle and transfers values as registers and coils. Common variants are Modbus RTU over serial interfaces such as RS-485 and Modbus TCP over Ethernet. In building services, Modbus is often used for energy meters, inverters and simple plant components. Compared with BACnet it is leaner but does not describe data points semantically, so a carefully prepared data point list is essential. Our guide to BMS integration explains what matters.

A motion detector detects movement within its detection area and switches the lighting on, then off again once a hold time has elapsed. It typically responds to larger movements such as walking and is therefore used mainly in circulation areas, stairwells, ancillary rooms and outdoors. Unlike a presence detector, it is generally not designed to detect the fine movements of seated people and usually does not regulate lighting according to daylight. The most common technology is the PIR sensor. The guide Presence vs. motion detectors explains when a motion detector is sufficient and when a presence detector makes sense.

The mounting height is the distance between the sensor and the floor or reference plane. It largely determines the size and shape of the detection area and the sensitivity: as height increases, the area grows but detecting small movements becomes harder. Manufacturers therefore specify permissible height ranges. Examples from Keilton+autani datasheets: IFS105SE and IFS108 for 2 to 5 m, MWS105E up to 6.5 m, EFS104 above 6 m and EFS106 for 5 to 22 m with the HBL3-2 lens. The Sensor Finder helps you pick the right sensor for your ceiling height.

NLC5 is the fifth version of the technical requirements set by the DesignLights Consortium (DLC) for Networked Lighting Controls. Systems that meet these requirements are included on the DLC Qualified Products List. Required capabilities include networking of components, occupancy sensing, daylight harvesting, task tuning (high-end trim), zoning and dimming. A listing eases access to incentive programmes in North America and serves internationally as proof of functionality. The datasheets of the Keilton+autani sensors IFS108 and EFS106 cite use in LLLC/NLC5 applications. Learn more in our LLLC guide.

A node is any addressable device in a network. In a wireless lighting control system, these are sensors, luminaire controllers, switches and interfaces. In mesh networks, nodes not only receive their own commands but also relay messages for other devices, thereby extending the range. The number of nodes per zone is an important planning parameter: according to its datasheet, the Bluetooth interface CR05 supports a Keilton+autani zone with up to 100 nodes. The FA102 is itself described as a Bluetooth node and turns a luminaire into a network node to which non-Bluetooth Eco sensors can also be connected.

A PIR sensor (passive infrared) detects people by the heat radiation every body emits. It emits nothing itself; instead, a pyroelectric element and a segmented lens register changes in infrared radiation as a heat source moves through the detection zones. PIR sensors are energy-efficient, cost-effective and the most common technology in presence and motion detectors. They require line of sight and detect movement across the sensor better than movement directly towards it. Keilton+autani uses PIR in the battery-powered BCS107, the IFS105SE, IFS108 and the high-bay sensors EFS104 and EFS106, among others.

Predictive maintenance uses operating and condition data to identify maintenance needs early. Instead of fixed intervals or repair after failure, work is scheduled when data indicates declining performance. Networked lighting controls provide information such as operating hours, switching cycles, energy consumption and the communication status of individual nodes. Anomalies, such as a sensor that has stopped reporting or unusual consumption, can be spotted before users notice them. This reduces faults, site visits and maintenance costs, especially in large estates and hard-to-reach areas such as warehouse ceilings. The foundation is continuous energy and operational monitoring.

A presence detector recognises that people are present even when they move only slightly, for example while working at a desk. Unlike a simple motion detector, it is designed for fine detection of seated activities and usually includes a light sensor that also switches or dims artificial light according to daylight. Presence detectors are used in offices, meeting rooms, classrooms and washrooms. Detection technologies include PIR, ultrasonic, microwave and dual-tech. The Keilton+autani BCS107 is a battery-powered ceiling sensor with PIR presence detection and daylight harvesting. Learn more in our guide Presence vs. motion detectors.

With PWM dimming (pulse-width modulation), a signal at a fixed frequency is switched on and off periodically. The ratio of on-time to off-time, the duty cycle, determines the brightness: at 50 per cent, the signal is active half the time. PWM can switch the LED current directly or be passed to a driver as a control signal. A sufficiently high frequency is important to avoid visible flicker and stroboscopic effects. In the Keilton+autani portfolio, the Bluetooth node FA102 is available as the FA102.D1 variant with PWM dimming according to its datasheet, as an alternative to the 0-10V variants. This allows different drivers to be integrated into an LLLC solution.

A real-time clock (RTC) is a component that continuously counts date and time and keeps running during power failures thanks to its own battery. In networked lighting controls, it is a prerequisite for schedules, such as background lighting outside core hours or switch-off at weekends, and for time-stamped energy data. In the Keilton+autani system, the CR01 USB dongle synchronises all devices in a Bluetooth Mesh zone; an integrated CR2032 battery preserves the time during power failures. The CR01-ETC variant adds energy monitoring. For outdoor applications, the CR02-W provides a real-time clock with an astronomical time function.

RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) is EU Directive 2011/65/EU, which restricts the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. These include lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, the flame retardants PBB and PBDE and – since Delegated Directive (EU) 2015/863 – four phthalates. Maximum concentrations apply in homogeneous materials. RoHS compliance is part of CE marking and therefore a prerequisite for placing products on the EU market. It reduces environmental and health risks during manufacture, use and disposal. The datasheets of Keilton+autani components, such as the IFS108 or CR05, state RoHS compliance.

An RTLS (Real-Time Locating System) continuously determines the position of objects or people inside a building. The objects to be tracked carry radio tags whose signals are picked up by fixed receivers; the position is calculated from signal strength or time of flight. Common technologies include Bluetooth Low Energy and ultra-wideband. Typical applications are locating medical equipment in hospitals, tracking material flows in production and logistics, and forklift tracking. Because luminaires are densely and evenly distributed, they are well suited in principle as infrastructure for locating receivers. Where people are tracked, data protection and works council co-determination must be clarified with particular care.

Scene control stores predefined lighting states – such as presentation, meeting or cleaning – and recalls them via push-button, app, schedule or event. A scene sets the brightness and, where applicable, the switching state for several luminaires or groups at once. Rooms can thus be adapted to changing uses with a single press, without adjusting each luminaire individually. According to its datasheet, the battery-powered Bluetooth wall switch WP108E from Keilton+autani offers four configurable scene buttons with preset functions such as ON, OFF with delay or AUTO/ON, plus separate dimming buttons. It is linked to one or more lighting groups via the Keilton+autani app.

A smart building is one in which lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, access control and other systems are networked and work together on the basis of data. Sensors capture occupancy, brightness, temperature and consumption; controllers and platforms use this data to save energy, improve comfort and make operations more efficient. Lighting control is often the entry point because presence sensors are distributed throughout the building and savings can be demonstrated quickly. Key building blocks are open protocols such as BACnet, BMS integration, energy monitoring and reliable occupancy data. Our guide to retrofitting lighting controls shows how existing buildings can become smarter step by step.

Space management and occupancy analytics deal with how building space is actually used. Occupancy data is analysed over time: which rooms are occupied at which times of day, which zones remain permanently empty, and how high is peak utilisation? The results help to consolidate space, size desk-sharing concepts and control cleaning, heating and ventilation on demand. Presence sensors in a networked lighting control system are an obvious data source, as they are already installed throughout the building. Data protection and employee co-determination rights must be observed when analysing the data. Find out more in the guide Energy monitoring and occupancy data.

Task tuning, also known as high-end trim, limits the maximum light output of a luminaire or group to the level actually needed for the visual task. The background: new LED installations are often oversized to allow for ageing and soiling, or simply deliver more light than required. If the upper limit is set to, say, 80 per cent, consumption falls permanently without users noticing any difference, provided the required illuminance is maintained. Task tuning is a core function of networked lighting controls under DLC requirements and is set during commissioning. The savings potential can be estimated with the Savings Calculator.

Title 24 is the title of the California Code of Regulations containing California's building standards. Part 6, the Building Energy Efficiency Standards, is issued by the California Energy Commission and updated regularly. It is regarded as one of the most demanding energy standards in the world and, for many non-residential buildings, requires automatic shut-off, occupancy sensing, multi-level or dimmable lighting and daylight control in window zones. Title 24 is not binding in the German market, but serves as a benchmark for the functionality of lighting controls, especially for international companies with uniform standards. See our guide to German energy laws and lighting control for context.

UL 94 is an Underwriters Laboratories standard for testing the flammability of plastics used in devices. Class V-0 is one of the highest ratings in the vertical test: a vertically clamped specimen is exposed to a flame twice for 10 seconds each and must self-extinguish within 10 seconds each time. Flaming drips that ignite the cotton below are not permitted. For sensors and control gear mounted in luminaires or on ceilings, a flame-retardant housing is an important safety feature. According to their datasheets, the housings of Keilton+autani components such as the IFS105SE or FA102 are rated UL 94-V0.

An ultrasonic sensor emits sound waves above the range of human hearing and evaluates the reflections in the room. When a person moves, the frequency of the echo shifts (Doppler effect). Because the sound fills the room and is reflected by surfaces, the sensor detects even small movements and people behind obstacles such as partitions or in toilet cubicles – without line of sight. A possible drawback is sensitivity to air currents, for example from ventilation outlets. Ultrasonic is therefore often combined with PIR in a dual-tech sensor. One example is the Keilton+autani EFS107E, which covers rooms up to 56 m² according to its datasheet.

Zigbee is a wireless standard for low-power mesh networks, built on IEEE 802.15.4 and maintained by the Connectivity Standards Alliance (formerly the Zigbee Alliance). It usually operates in the 2.4 GHz band, supports mesh topologies with relaying nodes and is used in lighting, home automation and energy management. Compared with Bluetooth Mesh, Zigbee generally requires a gateway to connect smartphones. In the Keilton+autani system, the AU-Manager communicates with other network devices via autaniNet, a secure Zigbee-based 2.4 GHz wireless link, according to its datasheet – in addition to Bluetooth, EnOcean and BACnet/IP.